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Canopy insect communities are shaped by the genes and phenotypes of their aspen hosts

Question 21

Which group of aspen-associated insects were typically less heritable compared to specialist leaf-modifiers?

A.Free-feeding herbivores

B.Aphid-tending ants

C.Moths with generalist diets

D.Ectoparasites

Question 1

What was the main purpose of the research on aspen insect communities?

A.To increase timber yield from aspen forests

B.To identify how genetic and phenotypic variation in aspen shape associated insect communities

C.To catalog all insects in North America

D.To breed aspen resistant to all diseases

Question 2

What is meant by an 'extended phenotype' in the context of this study?

A.An organism's effect on its own genes

B.The environment's influence on community diversity

C.Genetically driven traits of a plant that shape its communities and ecosystem

D.Phenotypic variation caused only by external factors

Question 3

How many experimental aspen trees were studied in the common garden?

A.492

B.640,557

C.1,568

D.13,000

Question 4

Which type of insect exhibited the highest heritability in this study?

A.Generalist free-feeding insects

B.Leaf-modifying specialist herbivores

C.Carnivorous beetles

D.Ants only

Question 5

Which four highly heritable aspen traits were linked to insect community composition?

A.Tree height, bark color, wood density, leaf width

B.Salicinoid phenolic glycoside concentration, extrafloral nectary density, budbreak timing, and flower production

C.Root depth, sap sweetness, leaf edge shape, drought tolerance

D.Branch number, fruit size, stem flexibility, cold hardiness

Question 6

Which plant trait had the strongest influence on overall insect community composition and diversity?

A.Budbreak timing

B.Tree size (basal area, BAsqrt)

C.Nitrogen concentration

D.Average leaf area

Question 7

What methodological advancement did this study use compared to previous research in the system?

A.Focusing only on root-associated fungi

B.Studying younger trees with fewer replicates

C.Improved genotyping, more biological replicates, and advanced statistical models

D.Observing trees only in winter

Question 8

How was heritability defined in this study?

A.The degree to which an individual adapts to climate

B.The proportion of trait variation attributable to genotype

C.The speed of tree growth in generations

D.Variation caused by soil nutrients alone

Question 9

What statistical tool was primarily used to partition genetic and environmental variances for heritability estimates?

A.Simple linear regression without random effects

B.Random effects (mixed) regression models

C.Chi-square test only

D.Average pairwise variance calculations

Question 10

What was the main explanation when genomic associations between SNPs and insect community composition disappeared after adding tree traits as covariates?

A.Tree traits mediate the genetic effects on insect communities

B.Genes have no real influence

C.Data was insufficient to detect any association

D.Insects ignore plant genetic traits

Question 11

Which of the following statements best describes the main pattern observed regarding genetic effects on insect communities?

A.Genotype only affected tree physical size, not insect communities

B.Incidence of certain specialist insects was much more heritable than overall insect diversity or abundance.

C.All insect species were equally heritable across aspen genotypes

D.Insect community composition was entirely random and unlinked to genetics

Question 12

How many genes were directly associated with insect community composition, according to the study's genomic association analysis?

A.15

B.73

C.640,557

D.4

Question 13

What primary type of gene function was found among those associated with the poplar petiole gall moth Ectoedemia populella?

A.Enzymes involved in pectin structure, vacuolar function, and programmed cell death

B.Chlorophyll synthesis enzymes

C.Genes for nitrogen fixation

D.Insect olfactory receptors

Question 14

What proportion of the total variation in insect community composition (species incidences) was accounted for by variation among aspen genotypes?

A.13%

B.7%

C.28%

D.51%

Question 15

What common feature was shared by the most heritable insect species found in the study?

A.Generalist feeders occupying multiple plant hosts

B.High physical intimacy and specialization for Populus or Salicaceae hosts

C.Aphid-tending behavior

D.Migration across several tree species

Question 16

Which tree trait was negatively correlated with both species richness and leaf-modifying insect abundance?

A.Budbreak timing

B.Extrafloral nectary density

C.Condensed tannin concentration

D.Tree sex

Question 17

How many single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were retained for genomic association analyses after filtering?

A.640,557

B.113,674

C.492

D.13

Question 18

Which ecological management implication is supported by the findings of this research?

A.Genetic and phenotypic diversity in foundation species like aspen supports more resilient and stable ecosystems

B.Only environmental variation matters in managing insect pests

C.Removing genetic diversity increases productivity

D.Focusing on maximizing leaf area ensures all insects are controlled

Question 19

What is the likely genetic architecture underlying most functional and community traits in aspen, as suggested by the missing heritability for many insect associations?

A.Controlled by a single major gene

B.A highly polygenic architecture involving many genes of small effect

C.No genetic contribution at all

D.Directly determined by environmental variation alone

Question 20

Which statistical test was used to assess whether undetected genomic associations might still exist for insect community components?

A.Student's t-test

B.Tukey’s higher criticism test

C.MANOVA

D.Pearson’s correlation coefficient